Philosophical+Schools

**Taoism** is a Chinese philosophy based on living in harmony with the Tao, which represents the creative & energizing source of life. ****Monism**** is the philosophical view that a variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance.
 * Schools of Philosophy can be found here.** **Marxism** is based on the writings of Marx & Engels, in which economics are the most important impact on human life. **Epistemology** is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. **Skepticism** is the position which questions the possibility of completely justifying any truth. **Rationalism** is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. **Empiricism** is the emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience over other evidence as the source of knowledge. **Cosmology** is the study of the world in its entirety. **Ontology** is the study of being. **Idealism** is the belief that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial. **Realism** holds that reality, or at least some part of it, exists independently of the mind. **Nominalism** is the negation, or denial of universals, abstract objects, or both. **Conceptualism** holds that universals exist, but only within the mind's perception. **Consequentialism** says that actions are to be morally evaluated solely by their consequences. **Deontology** says that actions are to be morally evaluated solely by consideration of agents' duties, the rights of those whom the action concerns, or both. **Utilitarianism** is the idea that the fundamental moral rule is to strive toward the "greatest happiness for the greatest number". **Aesthetics** deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. **Foundationalism** concerns theories of knowledge resting justified belief upon some secure foundation of certainty. **Coherentism** says that a body of knowledge can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved without prior certainty that each small region was solved correctly. **Libertarianism** argues that free will is real and that determinism is false.  ** Confucianism ** based on the teachings of Confucius.  **Calvinism** is based on John Calvin's view of Christianity; the main argument is based on free choice.